Bintang D' Twinklestars

 2.3 Definition of Text

Based on Oxford dictionary (2008:459), text is main printed part of book or magazine. Text also is any form of written material. Material that studying by the students in the class. Based on Indonesian Big Dictionary, text is manuscript that contains the original words of an author, quote of holy book to base of doctrine or cornerstone, and provides written material to the basic lessons, speech and etc.

MK Haliday and Ruqayah Hassan (1976:1) said that : “A text is a unit of language in use. It is not a grammatical unit, like a clause or sentences; and it is not defined by its size. A text is sometimes envisaged to be some kind of super-sentences, a grammatical unit that is larger than a sentence but it is related to a sentence in the some way that a sentence is related to a clause, a clause to a group and so on.“

So, a text consist of some sentence so that things be differentiate with definition single sentence. In other hand, a text supposed a semantic unit, is unit of language that related with meaning form. Thus, a text in reliazation related to clause, is language unity that consist if subject and predicate and if give a final intonation will be a sentences.

Text also meaningful of unit, text covered meaning that utterance by oral and written. When people conversation, people create a text; likewise when that people writing. A conversation or written have meaning that can understand and reasonable is text. When we communication, we create a text, well together (in conversation) and own self (in speech, written, etc). At the moment, we are listening and reading, we implicated in exchange of meaning. Halliday (1985 a:11) in English book (2004:13) said “text is a social exchange of meanings”. Comprehension of text is very important caused in basically communication is exchange of meaning and change to result a text.

From definition above, we can conclude text is manuscript that contains the original words of an author that main printed part of book or magazine written in any form of written material. And text covered meaning that utterance by oral and written, likely writing and conversation. In this research is about procedure text that involved writing text.

2.4 Procedure Text 

Procedure text is a text that is designed to describe how something is a achieved through a sequence of actions or steps. It explains how people perform different processes in a sequence of steps.

Basically, procedure text are part of our daily life. Tell us how something is done through steps or actions. We often use procedure text, even though we rarely realize it. The examples are when we follow the instruction of how to makes recipes of cooking food.

2.4.1 The Generic Structure of Procedure Text

Every kind of the text has structure. Procedure Text has generic structure. They are (Derewianka,1990 in English book 2004) :

1. Aim/Goal: showing the purpose / goal making or how to do something. Aim/goal is title.

2. Material: Telling the needed materials. But not all of the texts need this step. (Precise information, how long, how many, what types).

3. Step 1-end: Describing the steps to achieve the purpose/contents are steps to do activity. This part can give label “what to do” or “direction”

2.4.2 Language feature Used Procedure Text

Many kind of the text have language feature involved procedure text. Language feature that using in Procedure Text are (Derewianka, 1990 in English book 2004):

1. Using the simple present tense, usually imperative sentence. Example: cut the paper.

2. Using temporal conjunction, like first, second, than, next, after that and finally.

3. Using action verbs, as turn, cut, mix, stir, and cook.

4. Adverbial to show when or how. Example: for  five minutes, centimeters from the top.